A team of South Korean scientists led by physicist Seok-bae Lee recently sent shockwaves through the scientific community by announcing the discovery of the first room temperature superconductor. But the research paper has been both praised and pilloried by a scientific community eager to independently test its findings.
In two preprint papers posted on arXiv, Lee and colleagues at the Quantum Energy Research Institute introduced LK-99, a material they say exhibits superconductivity at temperatures up to 400K (127°C), greatly exceeding the previous record of -135°C. If validated, this purported breakthrough could enable quantum computers, lossless power transmission, and revolutionary battery storage technology.
What is a superconductor?
The temperature of a substance is a measure of the kinetic energy of the molecules within. A hot material means its electrons are moving around like crazy, whereas cold represents slower, quieter electrons. A superconductor allows electrons to flow with zero resistance—generating zero heat.
When a substance is cooled below its critical temperature, electrons can glide about, like a person crossing a nearly empty room where only a few people are doing yoga. In contrast, in warmer temperatures, electrons in the material collide and repel each other, like people trying to cross through a crowded disco dance floor. This resistance means the loss of power or energy.
These scientists have effectively claimed to have developed a way to make crossing the crowded dance floor as easy as crossing a cold and empty yoga room.
What’s so special about LK-99?
Using a novel solid-state reaction method summarized in the paper, the researchers synthesized LK-99 and tested its electrical resistance. That resistance dropped sharply at 220°C, indicative of superconductivity. They also demonstrated partial magnetic levitation, a hallmark property—called the “Meissner effect”—of superconductors.
Skeptics have claimed that the the partial magnetic levitation illustrated in the paper is just an illusion generated by another magnet that’s outside the frame of the image, pointing to the fact that the object isn’t fully levitating. The researchers say the partial levitation is due to imperfections in the LK-99 material, where parts of the substance are in a superconductive state while other parts are not.
The partial levitation showed by LK-99. Image: Sciencecast
The sparse details provided about the experimental conditions are a key point of contention. There have been prior claims of achieving room-temperature superconductivity that were subsequently discredited. Science magazine reports that other researchers are now racing to independently reproduce LK-99.
“They come off as real amateurs,” Michael Norman, a theorist at Argonne National Laboratory told Science. “They don’t know much about superconductivity and the way they’ve presented some of the data is fishy.”
Nadya Mason, a condensed matter physicist at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign said “the data seems a bit sloppy.”
Discussion and debate
The topic has kept Science Twitter tittering for days, with many researchers—and wannabe researchers—sharing their hot takes.
One scientist—Sinéad M. Griffin at Berkeley Labs— tapped a U.S. Department of Energy supercomputer to run simulations that one engineer said “support LK-99 as the holy grail of modern material science and applied physics.”
National Lab (LBNL) results support LK-99 as a room-temperature ambient-pressure superconductor.
Simulations published 1 hour ago on arxiv support LK-99 as the holy grail of modern material science and applied physics.
(https://t.co/4t4D2gIeBp)
Here’s the plain-english… pic.twitter.com/mQNQuO4TFu
— Andrew Cote (@Andercot) August 1, 2023
Meanwhile, a Russian soil scientist going by the name of Iris Alexandra—described as an “anime catgirl”—documented her attempts to reproduce the paper’s results in her kitchen.
The most interesting character by far in the LK99 drama is @iris_IGB. She’s simultaneously cooking condensed matter physics in her kitchen, eschewing gender stereotypes, boosting anon anime pfps, stanning Russia and communism, bitchslapping fanbois and haters with equal ferocity.
— NirSD (@nirsd) August 1, 2023
Controversy also surrounds the circumstances of the paper’s publication. Co-author Hyun-Tak Kim of William & Mary university says one of the two preprint papers was posted without permission and contains “many flaws.” Others, like Alex Kaplan of Princeton University, suggest that the authors focused on securing a prominent co-author to attach to the work, facilitating the rushed publication.
So circumstances roughly point to Lee and J. Kim as the main collaborators with external jostling over 3rd author. Kwon may have stepped in with urgency to publish ASAP and secure his spot on the short-list, pushing out Kim. The rush would explain a lot. https://t.co/OxH5J47f4U
— Alex Kaplan (@alexkaplan0) July 27, 2023
The prospect of room temperature superconductors has long captivated scientists for its revolutionary potential. Lossless power grids, faster trains, compact fusion reactors, hyper-efficient electronics and other flights of scientific and technological fancy could become reality.
But previous claims have crumbled under scrutiny, and reproducibility has plagued superconductor research for ages.
If LK-99 stands the test of time, it may usher in a new era of innovation. For now, physicists are holding their breath in hopeful anticipation as the results face a trial by fire adjudicated by the larger scientific community. It may take weeks or months to separate history-making discovery from wishful thinking.
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